Design

Create Outdoor Rooms That Feel Open, Inviting, and Perfectly Secluded

Use well-designed fencing and layered plantings to define outdoor rooms with style

Fine Gardening – Issue 221
small stone patio in garden with Adirondack chairs
You’d never know there’s a street nearby. Throughout the garden, a harmonious mix of woody and herbaceous plants soften the edges of hardscaping and provide naturalistic screening for seating and circulation areas.

Finding ways to make garden spaces feel set apart and sheltered is an essential strategy in neighborhoods where homes are close together. On my own small lot, I replaced the traditional but consumptive turf lawns with a series of patios and strategically placed planting beds, enclosed with fencing designed to maximize privacy. The garden rooms feel open and welcoming yet discreetly separated from nearby streets, sidewalks, and neighbors’ yards.

Like many designers, I treat my home garden like a living sketchbook. This is a space for executing new ideas, collecting favorite plants, and helping clients visualize their own projects. My lot is around ¹⁄3 acre, the average suburban lot size in the United States, so many gardeners face the same challenge of creating a comfortable retreat in the midst of a busy neighborhood. Here are a few of the details that have helped transform my home landscape into a private oasis.

View of garden from behind Adirondack chairs
Water-wise plantings can still look lush. Supplemental water is provided to a few thirstier favorites through drip irrigation, but most of the plants in this landscape are adapted to tolerate dry conditions. The colors and textures are rich and varied, a pleasing departure from the typical suburban landscape.

Comfortable, stylish outdoor living

illustration garden site plan
Illustration: Elara Tanguy

In the East Bay’s mild Mediterranean climate, a well-planned garden is inviting throughout the year. By building distinctive garden rooms around the outside of the house, the boundaries between indoors and out have been pleasantly blurred, and visitors naturally gravitate to the garden.

  1. Driveway
  2. Front entry walkway
  3. Mediterranean-style patio
  4. Carolina cherry laurel hedge
  5. Side passageway
  6. Dining area
  7. Sitting area with firepit
  8. Ipe deck
  9. Raised vegetable beds

Hardscaping and layered garden beds replace the traditional front lawn

raised concrete bed with small tree next to front entry
Plants provide privacy around the front door. A concrete raised bed defines the edge of a generous entry landing, which is sheltered by a shade structure. Clear visual cues guide visitors to the home’s main entrance, even though it is hidden from the street.

All too often, the front landscape of a home with an attached garage is visually dominated by the driveway and garage door. To avoid this common pitfall, I designed a minimalist concrete entry area that feels more like a patio, separating it from the rest of the front yard with a densely planted berm. The pathway from the driveway to the front door is set at an angle, with a raised concrete planter and shade structure lending some privacy and enclosure to the home’s main entrance (above).

In the area that would traditionally be a front lawn, I’ve created a Mediterranean-style patio (top photo). Hardscaping and strategically planted garden beds make more sense than turfgrass here in California’s East Bay, where water conservation is always a concern. Separated from the street, driveway, and front walk by lush, colorful plantings, a flagstone patio keeps the front garden open in the center, creating the negative space a lawn would normally hold. The beds around the patio’s perimeter are filled with a mix of ground covers, perennials, and woodies. Small trees are essential screening elements; favorites include ‘Desert Museum’ palo verde (Parkinsonia ‘Desert Museum’, Zones 8–10), saucer magnolia (Magnolia × soulangeana, Zones 4–9), and ‘Pacific Fire’ vine maple (Acer circinatum ‘Pacific Fire’, Zones 5–9).

hedges and garden beds in front yard
Dense hedging separates the front garden from the busy street. Carolina cherry laurel backed with welded wire fencing has a soft look, but still feels secure. Along the side and back property boundaries, a custom-designed hardwood fence is a pleasing backdrop to the plantings. The fencing was designed to look good from both sides without being an overly dominant visual element.

Concrete curbing and planting beds define the edges of the pathways and patio, lending additional structure to the design. I’ve found that even with the eventual ground cover creep, the curbing helps to keep the form visible. Drip irrigation delivers water efficiently and allowed me to incorporate a few favorite plants that are a bit thirstier.

Although the plant list is extensive, repetition and massing lends an overall feeling of cohesion to the design. Sitting in this garden, you feel completely hidden from people and cars passing by, and it is easy to imagine that you are in a private courtyard somewhere in the Mediterranean.

private back patio with fire pit
Visual boundaries make any space feel more organized. Translucent panels (left side of photo) divide the garden rooms, designed for entertaining, from the raised-bed vegetable garden behind the garage. The taller fence sections in this area ensure that sight lines to the neighboring house are obscured, including the view from the back windows and from the walkway that connects the back doors of the garage and house to the garden.

A shallow backyard feels bigger when it is divided into useful outdoor rooms

The back walls of our house and garage are about 30 feet from the property line, so the backyard has been designed to maximize available space without any of the garden rooms feeling cramped. To improve traffic flow, I incorporated an elevated Ipe walkway sheltered by a pergola and partially bordered by two raised, board-formed concrete planters (photos below). This 5-foot-wide deck connects the back doors of the home and garage with the separate lounge and dining areas without taking up too much valuable real estate.

wooden walkway around patio with outdoor furniture and fire pit
A wooden walkway facilitates a smooth transition. The back door of the home is one step higher than that of the garage, but traffic flows smoothly from indoors to out via a narrow Ipe deck (right side of photo). Comfortable furniture makes this the perfect spot to unwind at the end of a long day.

Defining sections of the backyard with hardscaping and plants gives the outdoor living areas a private and cozy feeling. The transitions and grade changes between the house, garage, and back gardens were carefully planned so that spaces flow together but each still has its own distinct character. The hardscape surfaces treated with Ipe, concrete, and bluestone lend diversity in texture, color, and warmth.

concrete planters and border beds around back patio
Hardscaping holds the whole space together. The custom-built concrete planters and firepit retain impressions of the boards used to form them, echoing the horizontal lines of the fencing. Cut bluestone pavers give the back garden a unified, contemporary look that is compatible with the more casual flagstones that flow through the front and side yards.

There is a significant amount of hardscape in the overall design, but the layout of the in-ground and raised planting areas balance and soften the hardscape. I like to heighten the impact of the plantings by including plenty of selections with year-round interest from foliage and form, accented with seasonal bursts of color from deciduous plants.

back garden patio lit up at night
Evening is often the best time to be outside. With soft lighting and the musical sound of a fountain to mask noise from the street, dinner on the patio feels like a special event.

Well-designed screening was a top priority

Gardening on a corner lot can feel like being on stage every time you go outdoors. My solution has been to create fencing and screening that encloses the garden without completely cutting it off from the outside world. And because the fence is such a big part of the space, it had to be special.

Espaliered persimmon tree with red fall color
Espalier maximizes available space beautifully. Several trees trained flat against fences and trellises adorn the garden’s outside edges with seasonal displays of flowers, fruit, and foliage. ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki ‘Fuyu’ Zones 7–10, above) has a spectacular fall color. Photo: Kristin Caldwell
stone path with low-growing plants to the right side
Small details make a big difference. A narrow passageway lined with low-growing plants links the front and back garden. Panels built to conceal mechanical equipment playfully echo the horizontal patterns of the fencing and gate.

In the front garden, a welded wire fence is combined with a dense, evergreen hedge of Carolina cherry laurel (Prunus caroliniana, Zones 7–10,) to provide effective screening that blends in well with the perimeter plantings. The side and back property lines are enclosed with a custom double-sided privacy fence with weather-resistant hardwood cladding. Taller sections strategically separate our backyard from that of the neighbors, and the pattern of the staggered boards is an attractive backdrop that ties the whole garden together. At certain times of day, sunlight passing through the fence makes it appear to glow from within (last photo, below). Espaliered plants trained against the inside and outside of the fence make smart use of limited space.

The most compelling reason for creating livable garden spaces is to make our life outdoors more relaxing and appealing. Including just a few thoughtful details in your design can make a world of difference. I hope you can find ways to create your own private retreat in the outdoor spaces where you spend the most time.


Create a privacy fence that’s worth a second look

The fence that encloses the side and back gardens offers visual appeal without overwhelming the space. Vertical posts are clad with horizontal bands of hardwood, staggered so the planks on one side cover gaps on the other. Both faces of this neighbor-pleasing privacy screen look equally beautiful.

Subtle details give the fence a clean, modern look

illustration of brown fence with broad horizontal planks
Illustration: Kristin Caldwell

Broad planks are spaced with wide gaps between them, revealing the supporting posts and the backs of boards on the opposite side. Taller sections are topped with narrower horizontal strips that are more closely spaced, creating a pleasing visual contrast. The vertical posts supporting the fence are wrapped with the same hardwood lumber used for the rest of the assembly.

Metal posts wrapped with wood are durable and stable

illustration of meal post wrapped in wood
Illustration: Kristin Caldwell

Unlike a wooden 4 × 4, a metal post will not check, twist, or warp. A PostMaster flanged steel post is designed to be trimmed out with dimensional lumber to achieve the look of solid wood without the drawbacks. The metal post end can be set into the ground, keeping the wood components out of contact with the soil. This prevents decay that shortens the lifespan of most wooden fences.

With homes close to property lines, privacy is a top priority

garden during fence constration
BEFORE

Taller sections of fence separate the outdoor seating and dining areas from the neighbor’s garden. In this progress photo, the steel posts have been set and the wood facing will soon be installed. When complete, the fence will quietly tie into the backgrounds of these stylistically diverse spaces without attracting too much attention.

Alternating boards block views, but not light

sun shining through fence planks
AFTER

When the sun hits the fence at a certain angle, it almost appears to glow from within. Planting beds of various depths follow the fence line, creating another layer of screening and interest. The fence provides ideal trellising support for espaliered trees, which are grown inside the garden (top photo, facing page) and on the outside of the fence.


Kristin Caldwell is a garden designer based in the East Bay community of Moraga, California.

Photos, except where noted: Jude Parkinson-Morgan

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