Plant breeders work to develop disease-resistant plants using a mix of traditional breeding and hybridization techniques. By selecting the strongest traits and enhancing natural defenses, they can create plants that fight off fungi, bacteria, and viruses—reducing the need for chemical treatments and making gardening more sustainable. The traits for disease resistance can come from many places:

1. Naturally resistant plants

Cherokee Brave® flowering dogwood was found as a chance seedling at a nursery that was growing thousands of seedlings for sale for rootstock and for grafting other selections. The nursery owner recognized that this one seedling stayed clean and diseasefree when all the others around it did not. They went on to breed this disease-resistant selection over and over to make it widely available in the nursery trade.

2. Disease-resistant hybrids

Hybrid plant breeders working on disease resistance will often use plants like Helleborus × iburgensis (that has proven disease resistance) in a lab setting and purposely cross it with other hellebores to develop more disease-resistant hybrid cultivars. These new varieties often have different characteristics than the parents, such as flower color or form.

3. Resistant species crosses

Sometimes new plants are created by crossing a disease-prone species and a related but disease-resistant species. A series of rhododendrons, for instance, were crossed with the heat-tolerant Makino rhododendron (R. makinoi, Zones 5–8) (pictured) to create tougher rhodies for hot locales.

Testing New Selections

New disease-resistant plants are often grown in crowded conditions with susceptible plants to see if they remain disease-free when exposed to high pathogen concentrations. Sometimes these new selections may be directly inoculated with a disease. In rigorous breeding programs, only the best of the best ever reach the market, and it often takes multiple generations and many years before a good resistant plant with all the ornamental characteristics we desire is available for sale

Mark Weathington is the director of the JC Raulston Arboretum at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, and the author of Gardening in the South: The Complete Homeowner’s Guide.

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